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Machine Learning for a Short Term Spend Prediction Model

Machine Learning for a Short Term Spend Prediction Model

Background

As high-cost, high-need (HCHN) patients may have consistently high spend regardless of intervention, their spending may not be significantly impacted by a primary care provider’s attention. Pearl aims to capture the “rising-risk” patients whose spending can be impacted by a PCP’s intervention. These “rising-risk” patients are patients who may currently have moderate spending but are at risk of becoming HCHN patients within the next 6-12 months.

Risk prediction models are developed utilizing data from large population studies to predict the probability of future events. Machine learning can be applied to risk prediction models, using algorithms to learn from past data, find patterns, and make predictions about the future. Machine learning is particularly powerful as it has the ability to recognize patterns that humans may not see, creating more intelligent and accurate models compared to traditional statistical methods. In our case, we can use claims data to identify patients at risk for becoming HCHN.1

Benefits of Risk Prediction Models

Adapted from “Everything you need to know about risk prediction models. Express Analytics.” Express Analytics. September 2, 2022.

Prediction Model Framework

Predicting future healthcare utilization and spending is essential in identifying patients who would benefit most from a PCP’s intervention. There are a number of models that can be used to predict this. These include standard models that have been well-documented, as well as more novel models resulting from current advancements in the field. Of these various models, there are a few key components common to all.

Data Processing and Predictors

Machine learning requires large datasets in order to make predictions. For prediction in healthcare spending, claims data is often used.2 From this data, predictors, which are essentially the input variables for the model, can be derived. Common predictors used for HCHN risk modeling include demographic (e.g. age, sex), social structure (e.g. education, occupation), family (e.g. income, insurance), and community (e.g. urban-rural character), and diagnosis codes. 2, 3

Learning Algorithm

There are various techniques that can be used to forecast patient expenditure. Regression-based techniques are most popular, including ordinary least squares linear regression (LR) and regularized regression (LASSO). Other methods include random decision forests, neural networks, and gradient boosting machines. 2, 3, 4 With any learning algorithm that is selected, the goal is the same: compute the unknown variables (in our case, future patient spend) based on hidden patterns from the measured data of our predictors. Once the specific algorithm is selected, training of the model will be performed. This involves passing prepared data to the model, where the model can find patterns and make predictions.

Interpreting Outcomes and Model Performance

Analysis of the model’s performance will be done by passing unseen data to the model. Model performance can be evaluated based on a few factors, including calibration (i.e. agreement between predicted and observed outcomes), classification (i.e. sensitivity and specificity), and clinical usefulness (i.e. if it is possible to make better decisions with the model than without).2

One challenge with these models is managing the risk of bias. In our case, we plan to use the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) to address this.5 PROBAST is a well-documented tool that has been previously utilized to identify any possible biases in participants, predictors, outcome, or analysis. Once any final tuning to the model has been made, the model is ready to make predictions.

What This Means for Pearl

With machine learning models, Pearl can forecast patient spending, identify those who are likely to become HCHN in the near future, and assist PCPs in making intelligent decisions about which patients may benefit most from their attention. This can contribute to solving the broader challenge of successfully intervening and improving patient outcomes — i.e., not just finding out who’s at risk, but figuring out how to help. Doing so will benefit both the PCP and the patient. With these models, Pearl can assist physicians in the clinical decision process and bring treatments to patients who need it most when they need it most. As a result, patient care may be significantly improved, as these models allow for earlier and more effective interventions.

Risk prediction models are incredibly useful tools that recognize the underlying patterns common to patients who will go on to become HCHN. At Pearl, these machine learning models allow us to look towards the future and target intervention on patients when it’s most impactful, improving outcomes and lowering spend.

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  1. “Everything you need to know about risk prediction models. Express Analytics.” Express Analytics. September 2, 2022.
  2. Ursula de Ruijter MD, et al. “Prediction Models for Future High-Need High-Cost Healthcare Use: A Systematic Review.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, January 11, 2022.
  3. Chengliang Yang, et al. “Machine learning approaches for predicting high cost high need patient expenditures in health care.” BioMedical Engineering OnLine, November 20, 2018.
  4. Andrew W. Huang, et al. “Multivariable Prediction Models for Health Care Spending Using Machine Learning: A Protocol of a Systematic Review.” Diagnostic and Prognostic Research, March 24, 2022.
  5. Robert F. Wolff, et al. “PROBAST: A Tool to Assess the Risk of Bias and Applicability of Prediction Model Studies.” Annals of Internal Medicine, January 1, 2019.
Reina Squires, Data Science Intern

Reina Squires

Data Science Intern, Pearl Health

Our mission is to democratize access to value in healthcare

We're a team of doctors, technologists, and health plan specialists with a passion for enabling our provider partners to deliver better care and reduce health system costs. Want to learn more about how Pearl Health can help your practice keep earnings high while restoring provider well-being?
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